INDIAN History

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Welcome to my new topic Indian History.

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1.Palaeolithic Period

Homo sapiens first appeared towards the end of this phase. In this period, man barely managed togather his food and subsisted on hunting.is distinguished by the development of the first stone tools made up of Quartzite. Palaeolithic period is divided into three phases. They are

1. Lower Palaeolithic

2. Middle Palaeolithic

3. Upper Palaeolithic

2.Mesolithic Period

Domestication of animals (particularly, dogs) began and characteristic tools were used, called as microliths.Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh, is known for ancient caves depicting. pictures of birds, animals and humans.

3.Neolithic Period

Neolithic people knew about fire and

wheel. An important site of this age is

Burzahom, which means ‘the place of

birch’.

4.Chalcolithic Period

Use of Copper and Stone made tools. They practised agriculture, generated Mother Goddess and worshipped the bull.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

(A) Indus Valley Civilisation is one of the four earliest civilisations of the world. According to radiocarbon dating, initiation of Indus Valley Civilization can be dated around 2500-1750 BC. Systematic town planning was based on grid system; burnt bricks were used to construct houses; well-managed drainage system; fortified Citadel; highly urbanised; absence of iron implements. The Great Bath (Mohenjodaro) was used for religious bathing. There were changing rooms alongside.

(B) Six granaries in a row were found in the Citadel at Harappa. The towns were divided into 2 parts:the Upper Part or Citadel and the

(C) Lower Part. Harappan were ruled by a class of merchants, as no evidence of weapons are found there.Indus people sowed seeds in November and reaped their harvest in April,because of the danger of flood.

(D) Produced wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, rice and mustard. Indus people were the first to produce cotton, which the Greeks termed as Sindon (derived from Sindh). Animals known were oxen, sheep,buffaloes, goats, pigs, elephants, dogs,cats, asses and camels.

VEDIC PERIOD

1. Vedic civilisation started with the migration of Aryan people in NorthWestern part of India.The Aryans were semi-nomadic pastoral people and originally believed to have lived somewhere in the Steppes, stretching from Southern Russia to Central Asia.

2. The whole region in which the Aryans were first settled in India was called the Land of 7 Rivers or Sapta Sindhawa. (the Indus and its five tributaries and Saraswati).The Das rajan War Battle of 10 kings against Sudas (Bharata king of Tritsus) on the bank of river Parushni. Sudas emerged victorious. Political Organisation.

3. It was mainly a tribal system of government in which the military element was strong. Tribe was known as Jana and its king as Rajan. Although king’s post was hereditary, we have also some traces of election by the tribal assembly called Samitis. Other tribal assemblies that were mentioned in Rigveda were Sabha, Vidhata and Gana. Villages were headed by Gramin.

4. In day-to-day administration, the King was assisted by the Purohita (most important), a Senani and Gramin. Society People were loyal to the tribe, called Jana (mentioned 275 times in the Rigveda) as kingdom/territory was not yet established.Women enjoyed freedom and respect. Religion Worshipped Nature, Indra (also called Purandara-breaker of forts) was the most

5.important divinity.

Soma was considered to be the God of plants. People worshipped the divinities mainly for Praja (children), Pashu (cattle),food, health and wealth. No temple or idol worship was noted.

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